INTRODUCTION

What causes the need for a comprehensive Emergency Response Plan for the Cabell/Wayne Local Emergency Planning District (C/WLEPD)? To better underst= and such a need, it is logical to analyze all the possible natural, technologic= al, and civil emergencies (hazards) that could impact the C/WLEPD.

This Emergencies (Hazards) Analysis will discuss the 21 emergencies (hazards) th= at can impact the C/WLEPD by individual emergency or groups of two or more rel= ated emergencies in lay language, in general, identify the logical Aspects of Vulnerability, and present Suggested Preventive Measures.=

1. FLOOD=

General Background

Floods are emergencies that impact primarily low lying occupied areas, adjacent to= rivers and streams. Streams and minor rivers are more prone to flooding than the m= ajor rivers in the C/WLEPD, the Ohio River and the Big Sandy River, because of t= he flow capacity of the major rivers, but sustained heavy rainfall could cause flooding of these two rivers also.

Due to the historic lack of flood plain zoning, many of the streams in the C/WL= EPD have residential buildings adjacent to them, and these, as well as non̴= 9;residential structures, are prone to the dangers of a flood emergency. Often times the flooding can happen so quickly, that occupants in the residences are unprep= ared for the primary Protective Action of Evacuation. = Because heavy rains can quickly cause flash flooding of the smaller waterways in so many locations in the C/WLEPD, it is difficult for emergency personnel to anticipate flood situations on a timely basis. In addition it = is difficult for many of the residents adjacent to the smaller streams to real= ize they are in imminent danger from flooding activity. This means that emergen= cy response and emergency management personnel have additional occasions to be= come involved in rescue operations.

In the case of the Ohio River, there are flood control walls in place in the Huntington area that would prevent the possibility of severe flooding in th= at area. However, for the areas adjacent to the Ohio River in the C/WLEPD that= do not have flood control walls, there remains the possibility that enough wat= er will accumulate from the result of extremely heavy rainfall in the relevant drainage basins and subsequent runoff.&nbs= p; The excess water would cause flooding in those areas. Even though the riversides on the Ohio and Big Sandy Rivers, for the most part are quite hi= gh, rapidly rising waters could cause flood problems. Another problem that shou= ld also be taken into consideration is high water level on the Ohio River, combined with heavy rainfall in

1. = FLOOD (Continued)

General Background (Continued)

the drainage areas of the other waterways that ultimately drain into the Ohio River. In such a

situation the water in the waterways would back up, because they could not effectively flow into

the Ohio River, thereby causing conditions even more conducive to flooding on s= uch waterways.

= &nb= sp; = &nb= sp; = &nb= sp; = &nb= sp; = &nb= sp; = &nb= sp; = &nb= sp; = &nb= sp; = &nb= sp; =

The primary impact of floods is the injury or death of those persons caught up = in the flood emergency incident. The secondary impact of the subject emergency= is the destruction of property and the resulting hardships it causes to the property owners. The tertiary impact is the disruption of transportation and utilities facilities and the resulting lack of the ability to carry out nor= mal, vital day to day services, as well as the hampering of the delivery of emergency services.

Aspects of Vulnerability

Flood and flash flood incidents have taken place in the C/WLEPD.

There is a likelihood that flood and flash flood incidents will occur in the futu= re in the C/WLEPD.

There is a perception by the general public of floods and flash floods being of t= rue emergency significance.

Overall Vulnerability Rating: (on a scale of 1‑10): 7

Suggested Preventive Measures

1. Initiate flood p= lain zoning throughout Cabell and Wayne Counties to prevent the future construct= ion of occupied type structures in the flood plains of streams and rivers in the C/WLEPD.

2. = Map, list, and describe inhabitable structures liable to flooding in case of exceptional rainfalls; such documentation being made available to the relev= ant local emergency agencies, local emergency services agencies, and the WV Off= ice of Emergency Services for use as needed. It is suggested that this be done = by each local emergency services agency (Cabell County Office of Emergency Services, Wayne County Office of Emergency Services, City of Huntington Off= ice of Emergency Services), with the assistance of the paid and volunteer fire departments in the relevant jurisdictions.

3. Establish the necessary procedures in each relevant fire department for the initiation of evacuation assistance for persons living/working in flood plains that have a reasonable likelihood of flooding.

1. &n= bsp; FLOOD (Continued)

Suggested Preventive Measures = (Continued)

4. &n= bsp; Establish a procedure in each relevant emergency services agency, whereby it monitors severe rainstorm information from the US Weather Service and the key <= /o:p>

&nbs= p; river and stream level information from the WV Office of Services.

<= span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>5. Provi= de the appropriate fire departments with information from the relevant

&nbs= p; Office of Emergency Services of the need for evacuating occupants of flood plain <= o:p>

&nbs= p; &= nbsp; areas in danger of flooding.

6. = Provide the appropriate law enforcement agencies with information from the

relevant Office of Emergency Services of the need to prevent motorists from entering flood plain areas in danger of flooding.

7. Utilize early warning signal systems and EBS as appropriate to inform the occupants of fl= ood plain areas that are expected to flood.

2. = FOREST FIRE/BRUSH FIRE

General Background

Forest fires and brush fires are emergencies that can impact the rural areas of Ca= bell and Wayne Counties directly and downwind areas throughout the two counties indirectly with heavy smoke air pollution. The fires are most prone to happ= en after a long dry spell in the Fall, after leaves have started falling from = the trees to provide a fresh source of fuel for the fires. However, at any time= of the year, where there has been an extended dry period and there is natural = fuel available, such fires can be activated. The fires can be ignited by natural= or man‑made means. Lightning and underground mine fires are natural igniters. Arson and carelessness are the man‑made igniter causes.

The primary impact of forest fires and brush fires is the damage or destruction= of private and public property with regard to natural resources and man made improvements. The secondary impact of the subject emergency is the illness = or death caused by the smoke and gases from the fires drifting downwind to cov= er inhabited areas. The tertiary effect is the strain on the emer= gency response organizations caused by the extended time periods devoted to the subject emergencies, thereby weakening their ability to effectively respond= to other types of

emergencies.

Aspects of Vulnerability

Forest fires and brush fires have taken place in the C/WLEPD.

There is the likelihood that forest fires and brush fires will occur in the futur= e in the C/WLEPD.

2. = FOREST FIRE/BRUSH FIRE (Continued)

Aspects of Vulnerability (Continued)

There is a perception by the general public and special publics of forest fires a= nd brush fires being of true significance.

Overall Vulnerability Rating (on a scale of 1‑10): 8

=

Suggested Preventive Measures

1. = Increase public education on forest/brush fire prevention.

= 2. &nbs= p; Add resources, primarily at the state level, to prevent and resolve arson activities.

= 3. &nbs= p; Recognition by the appropriate local law enforcement agencies that = forest/brush fire arson is a significant problem, and that policies = and procedures need to be developed to assist the appropriate state law enforce= ment agencies in resolving forest/brush fire arson incidents.<= /p>

= 4. &nbs= p; Initiate subdivision and/or zoning regulations requiring a "green space" buffer between potential forest/brush fire prone property and structural development. Such "green space" requirements could be satisfied by either the elimination of natural combustible materials form the buffer are= a, or by insertion of non‑combustible materials in the buffer area.=

= 5. &nbs= p; Increase training of the appropriate local firefighting personnel in forest/brush fi= re fighting.

= 6. &nbs= p; Increase provision of specialized, "off‑road" forest/brush fire figh= ting apparatus and equipment for the appropriate local fire departments.

= 7. &nbs= p; Recruit and train "reserve" personnel that can readily be called upon to assist and relieve regular firefighters during extended periods of forest/b= rush fires.

3. = TORNADO/WIND STORM

General Background

Tornados and windstorms are natural emergencies that can and do impact the C/WLEPD. Tornados and heavy windstorms are possible throughout the year, but more so during the so called tornado months.

3. = TORNADO/WIND STORM (Continued)

General Background (Continued)

Tornados and windstorms have a triple impact. The direct effect of the power of these emergencies can destroy or severely damage structures. Secondary damage to structures and persons can be caused by flying debris. Tertiary impact on persons in the area impacted by these emergencies is often the downing of electric power and telephone line, causing interruption of vital service. T= he downing of electric power lines especially impacts the ability to maintain = heat in occupied structures during cold weather. Even gas and oil heated structu= res depend on electrical current for the controls of those types of heating systems. To a lesser extent the lack of cooling capabilities during periods= of extremely high heat and/or humidity, due to the lack of elect= rical power can impact those persons who have a high intolerance for high temperatures.

Aspects of Vulnerability

Windstorm and alleged tornado incidents have taken place in the C/WLEPD.

There is the likelihood that tornado and windstorm incidents will occur in the fu= ture in the C/WLEPD.

There is the perception by the general public of tornados and windstorms being of true emergency significance.

Overall Vulnerability Rating (on a scale of 1‑10): 5

Suggested Preventive Measures

1. = Initiate building code requirements pertaining to the cable tie down of mobile homes= .

2. = Initiate building code requirements that all out buildings be fastened to a foundati= on structure.

3. = Improve emergency preparedness education about tornados and windstorms.<= /span>

4. = Negotiate with electric power providers to place all future and replacement power lin= es underground.

4. = SNOWSTORM/ICE STORM

General Background

Snowstorms and ice storms are natural emergencies that can and do impact the C/WLEPD. = They are most possible during the months of November through March.

4. = SNOWSTORM/ICE STORM (Continued)

General Background (Continued)

Snowstorms and ice storms have a multiple impact. The primary impact of these emergenc= ies is massive tie ups of the normal automotive, train and airline traffic, and more significantly, an isolation of persons in automotive vehicles and trai= ns without heat, thereby causing illness and possible death under prolonged ci= rcumstances. The secondary impact is the disruption of elec= tric power and telephone services, due to the downing of overhead lines. This can result in occupied structures not having access to heat, thereby causing illness and possible death under prolonged circumstances to the occupants. A tertiary impact is the lowering of temperatures in marginal housing units, beyond that which existing heating equipment can compensate, thereby causing illness and possible death. A fourth impact is on automotive traffic from t= he standpoint of the creation of hazardous road conditions leading to automoti= ve vehicle accidents, which may cause injury and death to the persons involved= .

Aspects of Vulnerability

Snowstorm and ice storm incidents have taken place in the C/WLEPD.<= /p>

There is the likelihood that snowstorm and ice storm incidents will occur in the future in the C/WLEPC.

There is a perception by the general public of snowstorms and ice storms being of true emergency significance.

Overall Vulnerability Rating (on a scale of 1‑10): 5

Suggested Preventive Measures<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>

1. = Initiate public education on the subject of all the hazards of snowstorms and ice st= orms and on the procedures that would be used to warn and instruct the public in= case of such emergencies.

2. = Designate appropriate public buildings, located throughout the two county area, as Warming Centers. Such facilities (schools, community centers, armories, etc= .) would have auxiliary gasoline powered generators to take over in case of po= wer loss and would be stocked with supplies, such as blankets, chairs, cots, et= c., and designa= tion of appropriate staff to man such Warming Centers.

3. = Design special evacuation procedures to identify occupied structure areas that are without heat, due to lack of electric power, and to identify and designate vehicles and personnel to transfer persons from the areas without heating capabilities to the Warming Centers.

4. = SNOWSTORM/ICE STORM (Continued)

Suggested Prev= entive Measures (Continued)

4. = Design procedures to close off those segments of major thoroughfares that have been impacted upon by a snowstorm or ice storm, to prevent automotive vehicles f= rom using them.

5. = Negotiate with electric power providers to place all additional and = replacement power lines underground.

5. = EARTHQUAKE

General Background

Earthquakes are natural emergencies that can and have impacted the C/WLEPD, fortunately= up to this time at such levels on the Richter Scale that only a very small percentage of the general public in the C/WLEPD have been aware of them. Although up to this point the tremors in the vicinity of the minor fault li= ne in the region have not caused any significant damage or injury, the possibility of such happenin= g in the future cannot be ignored. While seismology is far from an exact science, with regard to predicting the time and severity of earthquakes, a severe qu= ake

caused by a disruption of the New Madrid Fault could possibly cause significant re= lated

earthquake activity in the area affected by the minor fault line in the C/WLEPD region= .

The primary impact of earthquakes is the injury or death of those persons in the immediate impact area. Secondary impact is the damage or destruction on man-made facilities, including

buildings, bridges, overpasses, streets, etc. The tertiary impact is the damage or destruction to utility systems, including water, wastewater, storm drainage= and natural gas piping = underground, as well as electrical power and telephone lines above a= nd below ground. In the C/WLEPD damage to the above ground and underground containers, including connecting piping, of hazardous materials (chemicals, gasoline, diesel fuel, crude oil, etc.) would be a fourth impact possibilit= y.

Moderate to long-term disruption of living and working activities can result form the impacts addressed above. Such disruptions are often more difficult to deal = with than the initial injuries and deaths caused by an earthquake. The recovery period activities after an earthquake are often complex, because of the mul= ti‑faceted interrelationship among the physical and service delivery systems involved, beyond the basic repair or replacement of buildings.

Aspect of Vulnerability

Earthquake incidents of a very minor rating on the Richter Scale have taken place in t= he C/WLEPD.

5. = EARTHQUAKE (Continued)

Aspect of Vulnerability (Continued)

There is a likelihood that earthquake incidents of a very minor rating on the Ric= hter Scale will

occur in the future in the C/WLEPD. There is no proven way of predicting whether = or not more significant earthquakes will take place in the C/WLEPD.=

There is little if any perception by the general public in the C/WLEPD of earthqu= akes being of true emergency significance. However the perception by the emergen= cy management special public justifies the listing of earthquakes as a possible significant emergency for the C/WLEPD.

Overall Vulnerability Rating (on a scale of 1‑10): 3

Suggested Preventive Measures

1. = Review and analyze building, electrical, plumbing and HVAC construction codes util= ized in the C/WLEPD, to see what effective changes and/or additions could be mak= e to them to make future occupied structures, both private and public, more earthquake resistant.

2. = Design proc= edures to allow delivery of necessary public services from alternative sites, including public utilities, as well as local government services.

3. = Design educational programs to inform the people in the C/WLEPD about the

impact of an earthquake emergency, including what to expect and what to do and not= to do.

4. = Schedule and implement on a periodic basis a major emergency drill involving an earthquake emergency to be co‑sponsored by the C/WLEPC.

5. = Review and analyze construction codes utilized in the C/WLEPD for highways, bridge= s, overpasses, etc., to see what effective changes and/or additions could be m= ade to them to make future structures of those natures more earthquake resistan= t.

6. = Review and analyze construction codes utilized in the C/WLEPD for storage of hazar= dous materials to see what effective changes and/or additions could be made to t= hem to make future construction more earthquake resistant.

6. = LANDSLIDE

General Background

Landslides are natural emergencies that impact primarily urbanized areas and/or ground transportation routes adjacent to hilly or mountainous terrain. Landslides = are most often triggered

by moisture that causes destabilization of rock and/or earth formations. Landslides may also be caused by earthquakes and explosions.

Highway construction in some portions of the C/WLEPD, by necessity, has had to disr= upt

existing mountainous rock formation, thereby making the adjacent land susceptible to landslides. Also, some residential and commercial structures have been sited adjacent to natural formations susceptible to landslides. In some cases, building sites have been carved out of hill sides, exposing the structures subsequently built there to the dangers of a landslide.

Landslides have a duel impact potential. The primary impact is the movement and/or dam= age and/or destruction of structures and vehicle in the pathway of the landslide and the injury or death of the occupants of the structures and vehicles. The secondary impact is the destruction of above ground and below ground utility systems components, thereby compounding the hazards in the immediate area, = as well as disrupting vital utility services in the areas adjacent.=

Aspects of Vulnerability

Landslide incidents of a true emergency nature have no doubt taken place in the C/WLE= PD, given the topographic makeup of the area, although there are no specific records of such.

There is a likelihood that landslide incidents will occur from time to time in the C/WLEPD in the future, given the topography and existing or future man made improvements through or adjacent to landslide prone sites.

There is little perception by the general public, but some by the emergency management public of landslides being of a true emergency nature.

Overall Vulnerability Rating (on a scale of 1‑10): 4

Suggested Preventive Measures<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>

1. = Build appropriate retaining walls with landslide alarms that will signal potential danger to the appropriate Emergency Communications Center at all potentially dangerous sites, where the general public could be involved.

2. = Build appropriate rock catcher trenches and/or barricades adjacent to potential landslide sites, where the general public could be involved, such as highwa= ys and public gathering facilities

6. = LANDSLIDE (Continued)

Suggested Prev= entive Measures (Continued)

&nbs= p; 3. = Amend existing zoning codes to include, and include in future zoning codes, =

&nbs= p; &= nbsp; restrictions or prohibitions to the construction of structures at locations <= /span>

&nbs= p; &= nbsp; determined to be susceptible to landslides.

4. = Amend existing building codes to require landslide prevention measures be taken p= rior to any permits for additions to habitable structures being issued.

5. = Encourage, through a public education program, landslide prevention actions be taken on private property by the owners, to include such concepts as additional landscape planting, retaining walls, etc.

7. = DROUGHT

General Background

Droughts are natural emergencies, caused by lengthy periods of no precipitation comb= ined most often with simultaneous periods of high temperature. The C/WLEPD is susceptible to droughts and has had them.

Droughts have their primary impact in the C/WLEPD on residential sites not served by= a qualified public or private water supplier. The drying up of normal water supplies, whether from individual wells or wells of qualified public water suppliers is the main problem foreseen in a sever drought situation in the C/WLEPD. This situation would severely limit or prohibit the use of potable water for drinking, cooking, clothes washing and personal hygiene. A secondary impact= is the severe limitation or prohibition of the use of fire suppression activit= ies by the fire departments in the two county area, where the fire departments depend on water from, farm ponds and the smaller water ways.

Aspects of Vulnerability

Drought incidents have no doubt taken place in the C/WLEPD from time to time given = the weather patterns in this part of the United States, although it is difficul= t to point to actual records of such emergencies.

There is a likelihood that drought incidents will occur in the future in the C/WL= EPD, given the increased exposure of additional population to water wells, the increasing demand on ground water reserves, and the vagaries of the weather during the drought prone months. = &nb= sp; =

There is little perception by the general public, but some by the emergency management public of droughts being of a true emergency significance in the C/WLEPD. =

Overall Vulnerability Rating (on a scale of 1‑10): 3

7. DROUGHT (Continu= ed)

Suggested Preventive Measures

1. = Plan and implement measures leading to the installation of standard water distribution systems, not dependent on minor water wells, wherever logical = in existing developed areas.

2. = Adopt and implement Subdivision Regulations requiring the installation of a prope= rly engineered water distribution system including the installation of fire hydrants, served by a qualified water supplier using professionally recogni= ze drought proof water supply resources, for all new subdivision.

3. = Adopt standby measures involving water use restrictions that could be invoked when necessary by the appropriate authorities. =

4. = Adopt Building Code requirements requiring minimum standards on well capabilities= and water storage for new residential structures that cannot be feasibly connec= ted to an existing standard water distribution system.

5. = Design and implement an education program for the general public on the topic of b= asic water conservation practices.

6. = Establish local policies, plans, and procedures for the provision of potable water to occupied residential structures during potable water shortages.<= /span>

7. = Establish local policies, plans, and procedures for the provision of fire suppression water supplies during fire suppression water shortages.

8. = HEAT WAVE

General Background

Heat waves are natural emergencies that are extended periods of high temperature days in the 90s and 100's, with little if any relief at anytime including at nighttime. Normally during heat

waves the humidity is also extremely high. Heat waves normally take place in July= and August in

the C/WLEPD, but can take place in June and September, and can combine with dro= ught conditions.

The primary impact of heat waves is on the ill and the aged, but severe and/or prolonged emergency situations of this nature can also affect other public’s. This is especially so when air conditioning or other satisfactory cooling mechanisms are not available. The secondary impact of = heat waves is often an overload of the electrical power grid in the two county a= rea by

8. = HEAT WAVE (Continued)

General Background (Continued)

overworked air conditioning systems, which in turn increases the primary impact, as we= ll as

causes additional emergency situations, where there is no back up electrical generation equipment available.

Aspects of Vulnerability

Heat wave incidents have taken place in the C/WLEPD.

There is a likelihood that heat wave incidents will occur in the future in the C/WLEPD.

There is a perception by the general public of heat waves being of true emergency significance.

Overall Vulnerability Rating (on a scale of 1‑10): 5

Suggested Preventive Measures<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>

1. = Designate specific logical public facilities as Cooling Centers to which persons susc= eptible to acute heat stress problems may go to or be directed to. Such facilities should have backup generator systems for operation of the air conditioning mechanisms.

2. = Establish local policies, plans and procedures for the notification of the general pu= blic about acute heat stress conditions and the activation of the Cooling Center= s.

3. = Design and implement an education program for the general public about heat stress problems and resolution provisions for the problems.

9. = MAJOR OR MULTI‑STRUCTURE FIRE

General Background

Major or multi‑structure fires are normally classified as manmade emergenci= es, although they can be ignited by natural causes in some cases. Normally such emergencies take place in high density urban areas, where the fire can easi= ly spread from one structure to another and/or where there are major commercial buildings. Industrial complexes, shopping malls, higher education <= /o:p>

facilities, health care facilities and cultural facilities are also possible targets of major or

multi‑structure fires.

There is a duel impact in this class of emergency. The primary impact is the inju= ry or death of occupants of the structures involved. The secondary impact invo= lves disruption of normal life

9. = MAJOR OR MULTI‑STRUCTURE FIRE (Continued)

operations, including disruption of utilities systems, disruption and blockage of traff= ic flow and loss of normal business functions in the structures impacted by the emergencies of this nature.

=

Aspects of Vulnerability

Major or multi‑structure fire incidents have taken place in the C/WLEPD.

There is a likelihood that major or multi‑structure fire incidents will occ= ur in the future in the C/WLEPD.

There is a perception by the general public of major or multi‑structure fir= es being of true emergency significance.

Overall Vulnerability Rating (on a scale of 1‑10): 6

Suggested Preventive Measures<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>

1. = Maintain a high level of fire prevention activities by the appropriate public and private agencies and organizations.

2. = Continue emphasis on general public fire prevention programming.

3. = Participation of major structure and major structure complex management in the co‑s= ponsorship with the C/WLEPC of emergency drills addressing this type of emergency.

4. = Initiate improvements in mechanical system maintenance in the subject structures to prevent the ignition of fires because of mechanical malfunction.=

5. = Initiate improvements in facility security for the subject structures as appropriate= to prevent arson as a cause of fire ignition.

10. EXPLO= SION

General Background

Explosions are normally man made emergencies that in the C/WLEPD would relate to the manufacturing and storage facilities containing hazardous materials, which,= separately or in combination with other readily available hazardous materials, have a volatility that would allow unanticipated explosions to occur. The same situation would be true of those hazardous materials in a transportation mode (truck, railcar, barge or pipeline). Like major or

multi‑structure fires (discussed above), explosions can be the result of man made or natura= l

10.       EXPLOSION (Continued)

General Background (Continued)

accidents, arson or mechanical system failure. Under normal controlled circumstances, facility
personnel and transportation personnel involved with potentially explosive hazardous materials are aware of the measures necessary to prevent explosions, but accidents, arson and mechanical     system failures = will sometimes take place.

Explosions may have a triple impact. The primary impact is the possible injuries or deaths caused by the explosion.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> The secondary impact for certain hazardous materials is possible sickness or death due to the hazardous mate= rial vapor resulting from the explosion impacting persons downwind of the explosion. The tertiary impac= t is the possible disruption of utility        =    systems, transportation networks and normal business operations.        =

Aspects of Vulnerability

Explosion incidents have taken place in the C/WLEPD.

        =

There is the likelihood that explosion incidents will occur in the future in the C/WLEPD.

        =

There is the perception by the general public of explosions being of true emergen= cy significance.



Overall Vulnerability Rating (on a scale of l‑l0): 6

        =

Suggested Preventive Measures<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>

            1.         = Initiate adoption and enforcement of zoning and building code regulations to limit t= he future use or storage of potentially explosive materials to areas isolated = from or effectively buffered from habitable facilities outside of the subject property, and the use of storage containers which would minimize the potent= ial for        =          explosion and/or the impact of the explosion of the materials involv= ed.

            2.         = Initiate improvements in mechanical system maintenance and in storage container maintenance involving potentially explosive materials, in order to reduce or eliminate potential explosions.

            3.         = Improve the programming of the manufacturing, use, or storage of potentially explos= ive hazardous materials, in order to minimize the quantity on hand at any given time at a facility.

            4.         = Improve the training of facility personnel in the handling and storage of potential= ly explosive hazardous materials at a facility.

            5.         = Improve the training of transportation personnel in the handling and transportation= of potentially explosive hazardous materials that are being transported.<= /o:p>

10.       EXPLO= SION (Continued)

Suggested Prev= entive Measures (Continued)

            6.         = Improve the training of emergency response personnel in resolving potentially explo= sive emergency situations, through the elimination of triggering components (fue= l, ignition sources, temperature, etc.).

            7.         = Initiate emergency drill programs to exercise the above training, including drills c= o‑sponsored by the C/WLEPC.

=

11.       HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE LEAK/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE EMISSION

        =

General Background

Hazardous substance leaks and hazardous substance emissions are perhaps the most recognized emergency possibilities in the C/WLEPD by the general public. The general public's eyes are primarily focused on the major chemical facilitie= s in the C/WLEPD. While from the standpoints of volume and variety of hazardous materials, the focus is correct, from a facility safety         = standpoint it is incorrect.

        =

There are approximately 35 other Covered Facilities (the facilities of higher con= cern to the USEPA under EPCRA) in the C/WLEPD for which concern should also be given, as well as to several of the approximately 124 General Reporting Facilities (those facilities that are required to report their holdings of = over 10,000 pounds of Hazardous Chemicals, even though they do not have any Extremely Hazardous Substances over the Threshold Planning Quantity or 500 = pounds, whichever is less). The major Covered Facilities have a history of safety a= nd emergency preparedness and the budgets and manpower to devote to them effectively. The smaller Covered Facilities and some of the more sensitive General Reporting Facilities, often out of necessity carry out safety and emergency preparedness programs at the base level of legal and/or        insurance requirements.

        =

Of equal or higher concern are the subject leaks and emissions emergencies that could be initiated by transportation incidents. With Interstate 64 passing through the C/WLEPD, along with several US and WV numbered routes, as well = as tow working rivers and two major rail lines, all of which carry hazardous materials, the vulnerability of the areas adjacent to them are in all likelihood as high, if not hig= her than at the major fixed facilities. It is much more difficult to prevent transportation type subject emergency incidents, because of the multitude of factors that can enter into the emergency incident equations (weather, vehi= cle condition, traffic conditions,      operator s= kills, location, etc.).

        =

Primary vulnerability areas that could be impacted lie adjacent to the Ohio and Big Sandy Rivers, Interstate Highway 64, the US and WV numbered highways, and t= he two major railroad lines. Secondary vulnerability areas= lie adjacent to the remaining Covered Facilities and more sensitive General Reporting Facilities and the minor roads utilized for incoming and/or outgo= ing del= ivery routes.

        =

11.       HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE LEAK/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE EMISSION (Continued)

General Background (Continued)

Primary impact of the subject emergencies would be the possible injury, sickness, or death of personnel at the site of the subject emergency. Secondary impact w= ould be the possible illness or death of individuals down wind of a hazardous substance emission.

        =

Aspects of Vulnerability

Hazardous substance leak/hazardous substance emission incidents have taken place and/= or impacted the C/WLEPD.



There is the likelihood that hazardous substance leak/hazardous substance emission incidents will occur in and/or impact the C/WLEPD in the future.=

        =

There is a perception by the general public of hazardous substance leaks/hazardous substance emissions being of true emergency significance.=

        =

Overall Vulnerability Rating (on a scale of 1‑10): 7

        =

Suggested Preventive Measures<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>

            1.         = Redesign procedures for manufacturing, processing, storage and/or        =         distribution in order to eliminate or reduce the amount of hazardous materials at relevant fixed facilities at any given time.=



            2.         = Initiate improvements in mechanical system design and/or maintenance and in storage container design and maintenance involving hazardous substances in order to reduce accidental leaks and emissions.



            3.         = Improve, at the State level, comprehensive transportation vehicle (trucks, trains and barges) and transportation vehicle operator inspection programs, to rigidly enforce safety requirements for vehicles and health and training requiremen= ts for the vehicle operators.



            4.         = Initiate zoning and building code requirements that would require isolation or buffe= ring of future construction of manufacturing, processing, storage and/or distrib= ution of those hazardous substances that could significantly impact the adjacent areas occupied by persons beyond the facility in question.



5.         Prepare formal, meaningful, emergency preparedness plans for the non‑primary Covered Facilities and the logical, most sensitive, General Reporting Facilities as=

            designated by the C/WLEPC Emergency Response Plan.

11.       HAZAR= DOUS SUBSTANCE LEAK/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE EMISSION

(Continued)

Suggested Prev= entive Measures (Continued)

            6.         = Improve emergency prevention education and initial emergency response training for = the non‑primary Covered Facilities and the logical, most sensitive, Gener= al Reporting Facilities as designated by the C/WLEPC Emergency Response Plan.<= o:p>

            7.         = Initiate emergency drill programs to exercise the above mentioned planning and train= ing, including co‑sponsorship of such drills by the C/WLEPC.

3. = Initiate and implement policies and procedures concerned with the construction/ installation of additional and replacement electrical power generating facilities and distribution grids in order to assure that such facilities a= nd grids are safeguarded against natural and man made emergencies impact that would cause power outages (underground installation of distribution grid wi= res, security barriers at generating facilities, etc.).

4. = Maintain an ongoing public education program on heat stress and cold stress situatio= ns and their relation to power outages, along with information on the related procedures concerning evacuation to warming or cooling reception centers, o= r in extreme situations to a hospital.

5. = Prepare and maintain plans and procedures for the evacuation of impacted persons to= the appropriate heating or cooling reception centers or hospitals.

6. = Test the above public education, plans and procedures through emergency drills c= o‑sponsored by the C/WLEPC.

7. = Maintain an ongoing public education program on the availability of Food Stamps, for those persons that qualify, for the replenishment of spoiled food.

13. MULTI= ‑VEHICLE OR HEAVY VEHICLE ACCIDENT =

General Background

Multi‑vehicle or heavy vehicle accidents can happen on any highway or street in the C/WLE= PD, but the primary locations for such emergencies are Interstate 64 and heavily traveled US and WV numbered highways in the C/WLEPD.

13.       MULTI= ‑VEHICLE OR HEAVY VEHICLE ACCIDENT (Continued)        =

General Background (Continued)

Factors involved in the subject emergencies are traffic volume, traffic speed, weat= her conditions (especially negative conditions such as fog, rain, snow, sleet, = ice, etc.), available light, vehicle condition (worn tires causing blow outs or = loss of traction, worn shock absorbers/struts, faulty       alig= nment, faulty brakes, etc.), operator condition (sleepy, intoxicated, emotionally distraught, bored, etc.), and irrational operator behavior (excessive speed, reckless driving, driving too slow, etc.). All it takes is one vehicle or vehicle operator to be impaired in a manner outlined above or    operator behavior outl= ined above to initiate a multi‑vehicle or heavy vehicle accident. Add any = of the weather conditions outlined above, and the chance of such initiation in= creases dramatically.

        =

Primary impact of this type of emergency is injury or death to the vehicle operator and/or passengers of the vehicle initiating the emergency or the additional vehicles that become involved. Secondary impact is the endangerment of individuals in the vicinity of the accident

from the cargos carried by trucks that could be involved in this type of emergen= cy (hazardous        materials leaks or emissions and non‑hazardous materials contributing to additional accident situations or rolling off the roadway to impact structures, vehicles or individuals in the immediate vicinity). Tert= iary impact is the disruption of traffic flow for a lengthy period of time, ther= eby causing other roadways to become more open to the subject emergency and/or contributing to the possibility of additional emergencies of the subject na= ture because of illegal attempts of vehicle operators trying to extricate their vehicles from the traffic jam resulting form the initial emergency.

        =

Aspects of Vulnerability

Multi‑vehicle or heavy vehicle accident incidents have taken place in the C/WLEPD.

        =

There is the likelihood that multi‑vehicle or heavy vehicle accident incide= nts will occur in the future in the C/WLEPD.

        =

There is a perception by the general public of multi‑vehicle or heavy vehic= le accidents being of true emergency significance.

        =

Overall Vulnerability Rating (on a scale of 1‑10): 7

        =

Suggested Preventive Measures

            1.         = Strengthen driver's license testing and retesting to eliminate potential vehicle opera= tors who are intellectually or physically not able to operate a vehicle safely in heavy traffic.

13.  &= nbsp;    MULTI‑VEHICLE OR HEAVY VEHICLE ACCIDENT        =

Suggested Preventive Measures (Continued)

2.           Strengthen enforc= ement of intoxication prohibition, speeding, reckless driving and <= /b>

  &nbs= p;         related traffic laws by the appropriate law enforcement agencies on the Interstate =

        =    and major US and WV numbered highways in the C/WLEPD.

            3.         = Strengthen enforcement of automotive vehicle inspection requirements by the appropriate state agencies.

            4.         = Strengthen enforcement of truck safety inspections at weighing stations and by spot inspections at other locations on I‑64 and major US and WV highways by the appropriate state agencies.

5.         Include in driver education and general safe driving education programs information on Inters= tate and other heavy traffic road driving hazards and how to defend one's vehicle from such hazards.

<= span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>6.            Initi= ate mandatory reduction of speed limits on the Interstate and other heavy =

  &nbs= p;         traffic roads when driving conditions deteriorate, the notification of such speed <= o:p>

            =             l= imit reductions to drivers and the zealous enforcement of such speed limit reductions, by the appropriate state and local government law enforcement agencies.

        =

14.       TRAIN DERAILMENT

General Background

Train derailments are man made emergencies that can be initiated by faulty railbe= ds, unattached rails, faults in railroad bridges or overpasses, faulty safety signal equipment, railroad equipment mechanical failure, or train operator = or dispatcher misjudgment. Train derailment is most likely <= /p>
on the two major train lines going through the C/WLEPD, but could take place anywhere on the railroad network in the District.

        =

Primary impact of train derailments is injury or death to those persons who are mem= bers of the train crew or passengers on the train. Secondary impact is illness or death of the train crew, passengers and inhabitants and transients in the immediate vicinity from hazardous material leaks or emissions from the train cargo. Tertiary impact is injury or death and property damage caused by the dislocation of railroad equipment onto property adjacent to the railroad ri= ght‑of‑way.

        =

14.       TRAIN DERAILMENT (Continued)

Aspects of Vulnerability

Train derailment incidents have taken place in the C/WLEPD.

        =

There is the likelihood that train derailment incidents will occur in the future = in the C/WLEPD.

        =

There is a perception by the general public of train derailments being of true emergency significance.

        =

Overall Vulnerability Rating (on a scale of 1‑10): 6

=

Suggested Preventive Measures<= /u>

            1.         = Improve the level of railroad track, bed and structures inspections by the railroad companies and the US Department of Transportation.

            2.         = Initiate periodic testing, on an effective schedule, of train operating and dispatch= ing personnel, for alcohol and drug impairment by the railroad companies and th= e US Department of Transportation.

            3.         = Explore the scheduling of transporting hazardous materials, in order to minimize the amount of such materials on board any one train at any one time.=

            4.         = Improve sub‑standard railroad crossing guard installations in all urban areas= , in order to reduce the chances of crossing accident caused derailments.

15.       COMME= RCIAL BOATING ACCIDENTS        =

General Background

Commercial boating accidents are those emergencies that are initiated by boat mechanic= al failure, boat operators' misjudgment, adverse weather conditions or interference by non‑commercial boats. In the C/WLEPD, the Ohio River = and the Big Sandy River are both traveled by commercial boat traffic, including barge traffic on both and passenger cruise boats on the Ohio River. A significant amount of chemical and petroleum products are transported on the subject rivers.



Commercial boating accidents' primary impact is the injury or death of crew members or passengers aboard the boats involved. Secondary impact is illness or death = to crew members and to inhabitants and transients on the adjacent shore lines = that could be caused by hazardous materials leaks or emissions. Tertiary impact = is the illness or death to water utility customers that could be caused by pol= lution of the rivers due to hazardous materials leaks.

        =

15.       COMME= RCIAL BOATING ACCIDENTS (Continued)

Aspects of Vulnerability

Commercial boating accident incidents have taken place in the C/WLEPD.

        =

There is a likelihood that commercial boating accidents will occur in the future = in the C/WLEPD.

        =

There is a perception by the general public of commercial boating accidents being= of true emergency significance.

        =

Overall Vulnerability Rating (on a scale of 1‑10): 6

        =

Suggested Preventive Measures

            1.         = Periodic testing of boat operating personnel for alcohol and drug impairment, by the appropriate federal, state and local law enforcement agencies, for both commercial and non‑commercial boating traffic.

            2.         = Effective enforcement of the boating safety regulations, by the appropriate federal, state and local law enforcement agencies, for both commercial and non‑= ;commercial boating traffic.

            3.         = Increase emergency drill exercises involving boating accident emergency response, including the co‑sponsorship of such drills by the C/WLEPC.

  &nbs= p;         4.         = Explore the scheduling of the transportation of hazardous materials, for the <= /o:p>

            purpose of reducing to the extent possible the amount of hazardous materials being transported on the rivers in the C/WLEPD at any particular time.=

            5.         = Increase the level of boating safety information provided to the non-commercial     boaters concerni= ng the additional hazards of boating on commercially traveled portions of the rive= rs in the C/WLEPD, by the appropriate federal, state and local government agencies.

16.       AIRPL= ANE CRASH

        =

General Background

Airplane crashes are emergencies initiated by airplane mechanical equipment failure, lack of fuel, flight crew member misjudgment, air traffic controller misjudgment, adverse weather conditions, or an act of sabotage or terrorism. The second most, major, commercial airport

complex in the State, Tri‑State Airport, is located in the C/WLEPD, It genera= tes commercial flights and private airplane flights, and has ground facilities related to those two, with the

16.       AIRPL= ANE CRASH (Continued)

General Background (Continued)

appropriate populations involved. The sitting of Tri‑State Airport, with its adja= cent hilly terrain further contributes to the hazards of airplane crashes in the C/WLEPD.

        =

The primary impact of airplane crashes is the injury or death of air crew and passengers aboard the airplane(s) involved, and those on the ground in the immediate vicinity of the crash, whether at the airport or at some other si= te. The secondary impact of airplane crashes is the crash initiated fires at the sites of the crashes. Such fires could involve structures, including struct= ures involving hazardous materials, transportation routes, forest land and brush land.

        =

Aspects of Vulnerability

Airplane crash incidents have taken place in the C/WLEPD.

        =

There is the likelihood that airplane crash incidents will occur in the future in= the C/WLEPD.

        =

There is a perception by the general public of airplane crashes being of true emergency significance.

        =

Overall Vulnerability Rating (on a scale of 1‑10): 4

Suggested Preventive Measures

            1.         = Periodic testing of commercial flight crew and air controller personnel for alcohol = and drug impairment, by the appropriate authorities.

2.           Continued improvement of airport and air traffic control facilities at Tri‑Stat= e        =

        =             &nb= sp;   Airport.

            3.         = Carry out emergency drill exercises involving airplane crash emergencies, includi= ng the co‑sponsorship of such drills by the C/WLEPC.

            4.         = Amend the Tri‑State Airport Emergency Response Plan to fully integrate it w= ith the C/WLEPC Plan components and the Wayne County Emergency Operations Plan.=

17.       BRIDG= E/OVERPASS FAILURE

        =

General Background

Bridge/overpass failures are emergencies that can be initiated by structural failure, major accidents involving heavy vehicles, boats, barges or airplanes, earthquakes= and adverse weather

17.       BRIDG= E/OVERPASS FAILURE (Continued)

General Background (Continued)

conditions, as well as acts of sabotage or terrorism. Interstate 64, major US and WV highways,

the Ohio and Big Sandy Rivers and the two major railroads create a significant possibility for bridge/overpass failures in the C/WLEPD.<= /p>
        =

The primary impact of bridge/overpass failures is injury or death to those pers= ons on the bridge or overpass and immediately under or adjacent to them at the = time of the emergency incident. The secondary impact of the subject emergencies = is the initiation of fires and/or hazardous materials emissions or leaks from transportation vehicles (automobiles, trucks, trains, boats and     barges) involved= with the subject failures. Hazardous material emissions could involve areas some= what distant from the emergency incidents themselves. The tertiary impact would = be the disruption of normal traffic patterns, which could create situations th= at would bring about other emergency incidents.

        =

Aspects of Vulnerability

Bridge/overpass failure incidents probably have taken place in the C/WLEPD.

        =

There is the likelihood that bridge/overpass failure incidents will occur in the future in the C/WLEPD.

        =

There is a perception by the general public of bridge/overpass failures being of = true emergency significance.

        =

Overall Vulnerability Rating (on a scale of 1‑10): 5

        =

Suggested Preventive Measures

            1.         = Periodically test the structural soundness of public and private (railroad) bridges and overpasses by the appropriate federal, state and local governmental agencies and the responsible railroad companies.

            2.         = Repair or replace bridges and overpasses not meeting acceptable safety standards, = by the appropriate state and local government agencies and railroad companies. (Note: A great deal of effort in vain has been accomplished by the State of West Virginia and the City of Huntington in the past three years).

Aspects of Vulnerability

Suggested Preventive Measures

Aspects of Vulnerability

Aspects of Vulnerability (Continued)

=

Suggested Preventive Measures

Aspects of Vulnerability

Suggested Preventive Measures

Aspects of Vulnerability

Aspect of Vulnerability

Suggested Preventive Measures

General Background

Aspects of Vulnerability

Suggested Preventive Measures

Aspects of Vulnerability

=

Aspects of Vulnerability

Aspects of Vulnerability

Aspects of Vulnerability

Suggested Preventive Measures

Aspects of Vulnerability

Suggested Preventive Measures

Aspects of Vulnerability

Aspects of Vulnerability

Suggested Preventive Measures

Suggested Preventive Measures

Suggested Preventive Measures

Aspects of Vulnerability

Aspects of Vulnerability

Aspects of Vulnerability (Continued)

Aspects of Vulnerability

Suggested Preventive Measures

General Background

Suggested Preventive Measures

=

=

=

CONCLUSION